What Is a Malapropism Definition and Examples

The term  malapropism refers to the incorrect use of a word in place of a similar-sounding word, typically with a humorous result. Malapropisms are usually unintentional, but they can also be used intentionally to create a comic effect. Whether accidental or deliberate, malapropisms often turn serious statements into funny ones.   Malapropisms are sometimes called  acyrologia  or  phonological word  substitutions. History of the Term The word malapropism is derived from the  French word â€Å"malapropos,† meaning being improper or inappropriate. However, malapropism did not enter common parlance as a grammatical term until  the publication of Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s 1775 play  The Rivals. The Rivals  featured a comedic character named Mrs. Malaprop, who frequently confused  words  that sound alike but have wildly different meanings. Some of her  mistakes included substituting the word contagious for contiguous  Ã¢â‚¬Å"contagious countries† and geometry for geography.  These slip-ups earned her big laughs from audiences and resulted in the creation of the term malapropism. William Shakespeare was known for using malapropisms in his work. He called the verbal mistakes Dogberryisms, named after a character from  Much Ado About Nothing. Just like Mrs. Malaprop, Dogberry frequently conflated similar-sounding words, much to the audiences amusement.   Common Malapropisms In everyday life, malapropisms are frequently used unintentionally. Malapropisms can muddle the meaning of a sentence, and they often generate a laugh at the speakers expense. Remember that  just because two words look  or sound alike, they do not necessarily have similar meanings. Here are some of the most common malapropisms.   Jive vs. Jibe: The term â€Å"jive† refers a dance style, while â€Å"jibe† refers  to two or more entities complementing each other. Peanut butter and jelly do not â€Å"jive,† but the two tasty spreads certainly do â€Å"jibe when combined in a sandwich.  Statue vs.  Stature: A â€Å"statue† is a sculpture of a person, place, or thing. The term stature† refers to an individuals height or reputation. You can describe a person as having an impressive stature, not an impressive statue — unless theyve just had their likeness memorialized in bronze.Erratic vs. Erotic: The word erratic describes something that is unpredictable and irregular. Dont confuse it with the word erotic, which refers to something that is suggestive of sexual desire.  Calling someones behavior erratic has a very different implication  than calling someones behavior erotic.  Installation vs.  Insulation: When you order a new refrigerator, chances are youâ€⠄¢ll have to pay for installation: the process of physical set-up. But if you take your coffee to go, you’ll want to keep it in a thermos with insulation, which is a special material that retains heat. You wouldn’t say, â€Å"My thermos has lots of installation,† but you might say, â€Å"It has proper insulation.†Monotonous vs. Monogamous: A monotonous job is a boring one. A monogamous relationship is one that involves two people only. Telling your spouse you don’t want a â€Å"monogamous lifestyle† when you actually meant â€Å"monotonous lifestyle† can land you in some serious trouble. Malapropisms in Popular Culture Celebrities and other public figures have used plenty of malapropisms over the years.  Their verbal slip-ups generate lots of laughs and often enter the permanent pop culture record. Here are some of the funniest malapropisms in recent memory. â€Å"Texas has a lot of electrical votes.†Ã‚  New York Yankee  Yogi Berra meant to discuss â€Å"electoral† votes. Electrical votes do not exist,  unless  you’re voting on the best electrician.â€Å"We cannot let terrorists and rogue nations hold this nation hostile or hold our allies hostile.†Ã‚  Its true that terrorists may be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"hostile† (or unfriendly) to our nation, but President  George W. Bush  meant to use the word hostage: hold this nation hostage or hold our allies hostage. (the act of detailing a prisoner).â€Å"Alcoholics  Unanimous.† Chicago’s former mayor Richard J. Daley swapped the word â€Å"anonymous† (unknown or nameless) with â€Å"unanimous† (consistent or united). The resulting malapropism suggests an organization that unites individuals with alcoholism.â€Å"Listen to the blabbing brook.†Ã‚  Comedian Norm Crosby is known as â€Å"The Master of Malaprop. In this line, he ca lls a brook blabbing (as though it wont stop talking) when he really means babbling (which refers to the soft sound of water flowing).â€Å"Why, murders the matter! Slaughters the matter! Killings the matter! But he can tell you the perpendiculars.† Here, The Rivals  infamous  Mrs. Malaprop uses the word â€Å"perpendiculars† (which refers to two lines at a 90 degree angle) when she should have used â€Å"particulars† (which refers to the specific details of a situation).

A Note On The Stock Market - 1051 Words

Introduction The stock market has seen a lot of fluctuation during the months of February, March, and beginning of April. This can be noted to the new President in office, Mr. Trump. He has spent a great amount of his life as a businessman, and many investors saw this as a positive omen as to what would happen to the stock market and their investments. In fact, right before the presidential election in November, stock prices and indexes plunged as uncertainty in whether he or Mrs. Clinton would take office in such a close presidential race. After the announcement that there was a projected win for Mr. Trump, these stock prices and indexes that recently plummeted, increase rapidly; even to a price higher than before the uncertainty of the†¦show more content†¦He signed executive orders that limited new regulations and was calling for review of Dodd-Frank regulation of financial firms. Companies that benefitted most from these deregulations contributed to most of the growth. T he first quarterly earnings after the election showed growth and many companies plan to spend money on new equipment and hiring. Companies setting out to hire more employees lowered the employment rate, which continue the stock market growth. The hallmark of stock indexes increasing was on Thursday, March 2nd when the DIJA surged over 300 points. The SP 500 rose 32.32 points and the Nasdaq rose 78.59 points as well. Investors showed optimism in the President to deregulate more and passing tax policies that are better for corporations, as well as hopes that the federal reserve will increase interest rates. The rise came after President Trump spoke to Congress with an optimistic tone; however, he offered few details for his plans. These events also caused a rise in the treasury interest rates on ten-year treasury notes, causing bank stocks like J.P. Morgan Chase and Bank of America to increase in price as well. The promising of the Trump’s presidency has many investors optimis tic, but slightly concerned by the high surge. Following the surge in stock indexes, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates. Before they official rose rates, there were many statements from officials about a strong possibility that interest rates would rise. ThisShow MoreRelatedA Note On Stock Market1550 Words   |  7 Pagesentire income into the stock market, now your beautiful family are victims of the stock market’s rollercoaster ride. You don’t know if you’ll wake up rich or lose everything, it’s quite the rush. The stock market is a very complex subject, there are experts and people who think they are experts. It revolves around one subject, and one subject only Money. No matter experience level, or knowledge on the stock market; no single person is able to give a for sure answer on whether a stock will go up, down,Read MoreNotes On The Stock Market1584 Words   |  7 PagesInvesting in the stock market is one-way people can earn extra income o r save for there retirement or even as full time job. Depending on the time and money that you can afford to invest will determine how much you can earn. There are some tricks and tips that can help you make the best return on your investment. In this essay were gonna go over what the stock market is and how to invest in it. Also how to start invest in the stock market as a day trading for a living. Stocks are a percentageRead MoreNotes On The Stock Market1358 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In this increasingly globalising and volatile financial markets, the import of portfolio diversification in investment planning cannot be overemphasised. We all know the old adage that says: â€Å"do not put all your eggs in one basket†. In the past 12 months, the world’s stock market has experienced a particularly high degree of volatility that has never been seen in recent years. â€Å"On Monday 24 August 2015, about  £74billion was wiped off the value of Wall Street and FTSE 100, and the DownRead MoreNotes On The Stock Market1488 Words   |  6 PagesRookie stock market investors are those who only possess a relatively rudimentary knowledge and experience of the investing sphere. Most of these individuals usually commence by sticking to a buy and hold trading strategy. As a beginner, your general experience in investment trading is very limited. This, for the most part, confines you to making no more than a couple of trades perhaps on a monthly basis from a cash account. However, this does not necessary signify that you have not placed highRead MoreNotes On Stock Market Project Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pages Stock Market Project Julian Gagliardi Mr.O’Neal Personal Finance 12/1/16 The whole idea of this project is to instruct us, the students, on how to buy and sell stocks in the stock market, more specifically the New York Stock Exchange. I am writing this information to the reader because by the end of this project the reader will have the knowledge in order to be successful in the stock market. The reader will learn about the three stocks I have Read MoreNotes On Stock Market Game3381 Words   |  14 PagesSTOCK MARKET GAME Name: Vy Tran Period 2 The dates of the stock market game: 10/23/2014 The due date of the assignment: 01/12/2015 The total amount of money you ended with: $4,931.55 Minus any penalties: $1,000.00= $3,931.55 The number of pages: 9  Part 1: Pages 1 and 2: Personal Experience After playing through the stock market, I have more experience for playing in the future. Over time I have learned to be patience and intelligence in handling the situation. I have been lost several timesRead MoreRisk Return Analysis1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdeviation of 8.2, almost double that of the markets. While Nike has been a consistently strong company its average rate of return for the past 10 years was .77%. This is significantly stronger that the markets return over the same 10 years. A standard deviation of 8.2 is a pretty strong deviation, and shows people that are willing to invest in the company that they are investing in a strong company that has shown the ability to grow, and create dividends for its stock holders consistently. The beta of Read MoreEfficient Market Hypothesis1521 Words   |  7 PagesEfficient Market Hypothesis Road Map Part A Introduction to Finance. Part B Valuation of assets, given discount rates. Part C Determination of discount rates. Part D Introduction to corporate finance. †¢ Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). †¢ Capital investment decisions (capital budgeting). †¢ Financing decisions. Main Issues †¢ Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) †¢ Empirical evidence on EMH †¢ Implications of EMH †¢ Questions and practical issues about EMH 13-2 Efficient Market HypothesisRead MoreBlah Blah Blah1270 Words   |  6 Pagespreferred stock. A. Convertible bonds can be converted to other corporate securities during some specific time after issuance. B. Convertible preferred stock, includes an option for the holder to convert preferred shares into a certain number of common shares. Unlike convertible bonds, convertible preferred stock is considered equity (unless there is a mandatory redemption feature). Note the example and journal entry on page 799. III. Another type of dilutive security is a stock warrantRead MoreAdvanced Accounting Answer Key1627 Words   |  7 Pages8 MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 8-1: a Trade accounts payable (P52,000 + P62,700) P114,700 12% preferred stock (5,000 x P1) P  Ã‚  5,000 Paid in capital in excess of par (5,000 x P9) 45,000 Cash (P62,700 x P0.80) _50,160 _100,160 Gain from discharge of indebtedness P   14,540 8-2: c 8-3: c 8-4: b Carrying value of the note payable: Principal P600,000 Interest __60,000 P660,000 Restructured value: Principal P400,000 Interest

Sir, Gawain’s Traits Free Essays

Gawain’s rise to the game. Arthurian legends are medieval romances that tell wondrous tales of fantasy and chivalry. The chivalric code of knights was highly revered as a way of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Sir, Gawain’s Traits or any similar topic only for you Order Now This code of bravery honor and loyalty was followed by every knight and royal in the medieval ages. Sir Gawain and the Green knight is a medieval romance that demonstrates Sir Gawain’s demonstrations and lack there of chivalry through his bravery, loyalty and honor. However he follows the code of chivalry more so than breaking it. One of Gawain’s traits that made him a model of chivalry is his bravery in the face of danger. Gawain was ready to take the challenge of the green knight and save his king from it as soon as he could. â€Å"Command me to step down from the dais and take this game. †(ML 123-124) King Arthur was the only knight to step up to the challenge, and seeing this wanting to protect him Sir Gawain decides to take the game from him. â€Å"’only you as my uncle have I any honor. † (ML138) In this situation, Gawain is also being loyal to his king and uncle by saving his life in taking the game. Gawain shows both modesty and hid courtesy towards his queen all just moments from he shows his bravery. â€Å"‘That I might without bad manners move down from my place (though I couldn’t if my liege lady disliked it)’ â€Å"(ML 128-129). Gawain is saying that he will listen to whatever his queen says to do, regardless of the situation he is in. Before he ta kes the challenge of the knight Gawain states â€Å"’My life would be the least missed if. † (Ml 137) Gawain, while sounding somewhat critical of himself, is actually demonstrating his great sense of modesty during the story Honor is a trait that is not found very much in this day and age. In the end, the lord of the castle discovers that not even Gawain was honorable to him. â€Å"You have failed me in our exchange, so I’ve trapped you here, that sash you wear by your scabbard belongs to me’† (ML348-350). Another trait that is highly regarded in this day and age is faith. There is faith in religion, faith in yourself, or even faith in objects. Gawain puts faith in a magical green sash that is enchanted and would save his life. (67) In conclusion, Gawain follows the code of chivalry and makes a worthy knight of the round table. Granted that some of the traits of chivalry are not his strong suit, Gawain still follows true to the almighty code that all of the knights follow. Any mistake that Sir Gawain made during this he was either forgiven for, or they went unnoticed, given that this is straying from the code, in the end Gawain is still the most worthy knight of the round table. How to cite Sir, Gawain’s Traits, Papers

Should Marijuanna Be Legalised free essay sample

According to (Abuse, 2013), Marijuana also known as Cannabis , Pot , Weed is defined as a green, brown or greyish mixture of dried shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of the hemp plant called Cannabis Sativa . Although it is known for medicinal purposes such as in the treatment of cancer and even asthma it is also commonly used in illegal drug trafficking. This drug is known to be highly addictive and over time it may even control the lives of the users. So really do you think that governments worldwide should legalize Marijuana? To this question I would say no. Marijuana is very addictive and studies have shown that it is the most widely used illegal drug worldwide. This simply suggests that once people begin using Marijuana they just cannot stop. Advocates of legalizing pot have tried on several occasions to dismiss the arguments but failed to do so. According to (Drug Policy Alliance, 2014) clinical studies have shown that people who use Marijuana multiple times a week found it almost impossible to quit. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Marijuanna Be Legalised or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These people who tried to withdraw stated in their reports that they felt moody, tense, and anxious and they were very much unable to sleep. In recent years there has been a large ruckus about whether this plant should be legalized. Once Marijuana is legalized it becomes more accessible to persons, this leaves the door open to minors who may now think that it is cool to take this dangerous drug even though their parents may strongly forbid it. If Marijuana is legalized it now opens the door to Children whom now have easier access to it. This may but their education in jeopardy since it may now take their focus off of school and place it on the urge to obtain the drug. In Today’s world Movies portray ‘potheads’ or Marijuana smokers as being harmless, loving people who spend their time partying and feasting on snacks , however what they dont show is these people flunking out of school, losing their jobs, frustrated because they are too hung up on one thing, Marijuana. Don’t you want your children, nieces and nephews and even your siblings to have a bright future? The legalization of Marijuana will make it more acceptable in society, easily obtainable and the consumption rate would go up. For example after Marijuana was legalized in the Netherlands there was a high rise in the amount of people that was using it. With more people using it, more individuals are now opened to the dangerous health effects. In an interview Dr.David Murray stated that Marijuana use is the leading cause of treatment need for those abusing or dependent on illegal drugs’. Hence not only will more people use the drug, but more of them will become addicted. The advocates of marijuana legalization may say that the drug makes people happy and it is not any more dangerous than alcohol, it may also be said that it cures diseases and enables creativity and open-mindedness, But is this really so ? Yes, Marijuana does in fact help to cure diseases but Cannabis takes a toll on your health and even though it aids in the curing of cancer and asthma, do you actually know that it is bad for both your mental and physical health? Marijuana is even more toxic than cigarette smoke. Regular users face lung problems as much as twenty years earlier than cigarette smokers do (Hawkins, 2014) . He also stated that it decreases the fertility rate in men and can cause serious birth defects, mental abnormalities and an increased risk of leukemia in children. The smoking of Marijuana even five hours before driving can cause an accident because of motor impairment. Yes, we may say that Cannabis should be legalized, but how would you knowing that the person driving ahead or even behind of you can get into an accident endangering your life because they were just smoking pot? Isn’t it scary? Cannabis is a gateway to other drugs. Since Marijuana is addictive it is evident that people who use it may more likely move on to harder drugs. Do we move on from there to Crack or even Heroin? According to (Swift, 2011) the smoking of Marijuana daily and on a regular basis sets up users for a lifetime of multiple drug use .This is so since daily or even weekly drug users are three times more likely to take other drugs than occasional users. Once individuals begin using Marijuana heavily they are more likely to resort to crime to keep up with their addictions and it may in fact cause a breakdown in their relationships with others. Some people would say, â€Å"If they want to do it, great, then its no business of ours†, but is this true ? Now is the time to think about it because although its easy to thoughtlessly legalize a drug like marijuana, when things go predictably wrong, it will be a lot harder as they say to put the genie back in the bottle. Indeed there are both positive and negative effects when dealing with the topic at hand, but before arguing and create a large ruckus about legalizing Marijuana. We should realize that whichever way we go there would always be consequences to face. So I urge you to think about your own life than may be placed in danger, and even the lives of your love ones. Is the legalization of Marijuana worth it?

OCP Plan Measure

In order to achieve the success while sustaining the change in the organisation, it is necessary to develop the effective measurement strategy which addresses basic approaches and measures that need improvement.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on OCP Plan: Measure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While focusing on the measurement plan, leaders become able to analyse the current progress regarding the change promotion and address any issues and barriers in a timely manner with the help of the proposed reaction plan. From this point, the main focus is on measuring effectiveness of the change integration, customer satisfaction levels, employee satisfaction levels, training effectiveness, and profitability. Key indicators and reaction triggers are determined to conclude what aspects of the plan need to be changed. The key objectives in measuring effectiveness of the change integration are the focus on analysing how cha nge integration meets the industry’s needs and stakeholders’ needs and how change integration can respond to the corporate purpose. Customer satisfaction is one more important factor which should be measured in order to understand the customers, suppliers, and regulators’ readiness for change according to the developed plan and with the focus on the milestone completion. The other important aspect is the factor of employee satisfaction which should be monitored in order to create the positive environment for cooperation and sustaining the organisational change. The main purpose to measure the training effectiveness is the necessity to understand how training can contribute to promoting the change and what approaches should be used to improve the current strategy. The final important category to be examined with the help of the plan is the return on capital investment and profitability.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to conclude about the role of change while focusing on shifts in sales rates, customer satisfaction levels, and warranty rates. Key Indicator Description Owner Measurement Method Frequency Reaction Trigger Reaction Plan Stakeholder’s Response Change Integration Strategic Management Team Surveys Monthly Negative response Change the implementation strategy; revise objectives Acceptance Test Results Answers to FAQs Customer Satisfaction Marketing Team Surveys FAQs Monthly Negative on-time milestone completion Conduct analysis Answers to FAQs Employee Satisfaction HR Manager FAQs Monthly Decrease in satisfaction Develop strategies to cope with change Time spent on development Quality and production rates Training Effectiveness Training Team Checklists Reports Monthly Low quality rates and exam scores Improve training program ROI Profit Return on Capital Investment Profitability Cost C ontroller Accounts Reports Quarterly Low profits Conduct financial analysis From this perspective, measurement methods, key indicators, frequency, and reaction triggers should be regularly monitored by specialists to control the change in the organisation. Measuring results of the change integration with the focus on the stakeholders’ response, it is possible to become ready to changing and improving the implementation strategy according to observed results. Focusing on customer satisfaction, it is important to analyse survey pilots’ results and monitor the customers’ acceptance of change in order to propose further improvements while determining how customers are aware of the organisational shift and associated changes. It is possible to monitor the employee satisfaction while collecting their answers to FAQs, analysing attrition and absenteeism, and proposing strategies to cope with the change. Furthermore, training effectiveness can be measured with refere nces to monitoring time, quality, and production rates in addition to succession rates and exam scores. Profitability associated with the implanted change should be monitored with the focus on changes in rates and numbers connected with ROI, assets, fixed and variable costs, and profits. This report on OCP Plan: Measure was written and submitted by user Kali Kirk to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Ideal Society Essays

The Ideal Society Essays The Ideal Society Paper The Ideal Society Paper A dream of Utopia, however, seems unreachable as of now, as Ideals and values among the individuals In society remain very different and due to the subjective nature of the people, which prevents It from happening. To make It happen and remain, either the ideals of all the people would have to be upheld or all the people would have to have the same ones. Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. This quote by Jean Jacques Rousseau depicts the situation quite accurately: An Individual Is born with free will; It Is a property of human nature that depends on the person. It allows us to make our own decisions that have an impact on our lives; however, our choices are limited by the rules the government inflict on us, as well as by moral and social obligations. Therefore we can live freely, but we have to take in consideration the laws and rules, along with other people. The state is a set of institutions that has the authority to make rules over a given territory, such as imprisoning people and Judging their behavior and choices. The humankind needs authority to Limit us though, It Is natural: the tribes have chiefs etc. Hobbes believes that without the state, the society would be disastrous: our lives would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. It is believed, that without it, we would descend to the level of animals as the civilized English schoolboys in William Gildings novel Lord of the Flies did. Disclaiming Hobbes theory, John Locke suggested his own. He claims, that the state is not natural for the humankind: God created people that are given basic human rights and obligations, along with free will and equality. No one has the right to Impose rules upon us without our consent. Locke was an anarchist, he had many complaints against the state, such as that the state helps mainly the rich, ruling class, instead of the ones that are in need. There are various theories of rights, the two most reorient ones being the Natural Rights, which was developed by Locke (God made these rights) and the other one that was Made for humans by humans, which was Bantams theory (made by majority, so more people would be satisfied). However, Bantams theory Is hard to generalize and decide. The best form of governance for most of the people is democracy. There are two types of democracy: Representative, where people vote for a person to represent them, and direct. The representative democracy is more common; it involves a voting process and there are both pros and cons: It works reasonably well and is efficient. On the other side, there are many shortcomings In the democratic system. For one, It Is considered Tanat every client Is consolable equal Ana NAS equal relents, wanly does not always work. Facing the truth, there is never going to be total equality and there are people that have more influence. Furthermore, we cannot be sure whether the citizen is aware of whom he has voted for there are many empty promises and such made during the campaigns, but we never know beforehand what the candidates future plan is. We do not know their qualifications, experiences, education and to add o it, there are many cases where the competition between the candidates is so fierce that they try to bring each other down by publishing unfavorable possibly misleading information about them. In utopia, it would be ideal if there was Justice; but Justice is a very vague term, as every country has different religions and therefore to uphold those, different laws are needed. The laws and rules are made by the ruling class, which is where the line between democracy, monarchy and dictatorship is blurred. The ruling class has the power to make and change laws to benefit themselves. The relationships pass the laws, but it should be qualified ones that should make the laws in different fields. Maybe the ministers of each department should be directly elected instead of the parliaments. An ideal case of democracy would be the one as in ancient India, where the laws were made by the most knowledgeable people, who did not hanker for power. They made the laws and stayed out of the governance business and the monarch was not involved in making the laws and rather Judged peoples behavior. In the ideal society, freedom is one of the most important values maybe it would be eater if there was no governance at all. But, it is apparent that humans are not ready for the no governance state yet, as we are still affected by our weaknesses and there are many of us that would take away the freedom from other people. We cannot enjoy total freedom we are like children that would start fighting as soon as the door closes behind the teacher, we need the government. The distribution of wealth is another issue. It would be ideal for all the people to have the same income; but the human nature and weaknesses such as greed prevent that. People are tempted to have more and more. Another idea of the Utopian state would be equality of men. A society, where everybody would be treated the same. But, that wouldnt be fair. People are unique, but not equal; it is the natures will. Some people are more talented than the others and have contributed to a better society, therefore it would not be fair to treat them the same as other people. There are classes in the society, according to ones talents etc. Which proves that talent is an attribute of an individual and not a group or a society. We wouldnt treat Leonardo Dad Vinci the same as the others, for example. Furthermore, an ideal society should have an authority, which would therefore be regarded higher than common people equality is not quite possible. It is possibly inequality among us that causes that there cannot be absolute peace: violence, Jealousy, hatred, greed, and many more those are some of the human weaknesses that we cannot get rid of. The basic ideas of an ideal state are in conclusion: liberty, equality, Justice and peace. Those ideas clash though, as it is apparent that there cannot be total freedom due to our nature, and therefore there needs to be a ruling class. It would be ideal if the lulling class would De selfless Ana mace rules etc. Walkout twinkling tout now to benefit themselves, but sadly, that is not the case. Therefore Justice is biased especially the economic laws, as the ruling class is able to change them to suit them. Peace is out of question as there will be clashes between different ideals and values. What would be possible though, given these circumstances, is equality between races and acceptance of all religions. However, to reach the ideal state, one would need to change the humankinds nature to make us more understanding, selfless and peaceful.

Research Instrument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Instrument - Essay Example Since these researchers are measuring suicidal potential rather than ideation the questions are broad based and include social factors such as school and home life. They carefully tested the validity of the questions, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Test-retest reliability is an important factor in determining if a self-reporting instrument is valid over time; the CASPI had a .76 score which the authors report is consistent with other testing instruments. The retest was conducted two weeks after the initial screening, which could be a factor in its high reliability score. The CASPI instrument was measured against known suicidal potential in the population sampled in order to assess its true validity. It appears that the researchers were successful in formulating questions with enough neutrality that children and adolescents could answer them honestly. The subpopulation of young children (less than 13 years old) is notoriously hard to assess, but this instrument appears to be consistent and valid even with younger children. It was more consistent and valid with older children, however (up to 96 percent accurate in distinguishing levels of suicidal potential). This instrument was tested with a significant number of students with a diverse cross section of socio-economic circumstances and ethnicities. This is a key element which is sometimes lacking in validating other self-reporting instruments. It also asks questions about family history, which is an important indicator of suicidal potentiality that is sometimes left out of other reporting instruments. Self-reporting instruments are as accurate as the people taking them—if the participant completes them honestly, they will measure suicidal potential. Self-reporting instruments require an ability to self-reflect as well as a willingness to open up through the anonymity of a questionnaire. When self-reporting

Reading journal APOC Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading journal APOC - Assignment Example At the hospital, they stayed with me and consoled me even as I writhed in pain. My parents arrived later on and thanked my colleagues for standing with me. Indeed the hospital route turned out to be the best remedy to the writer’s problem. She finally withdrew and got the necessary counseling thereafter. It surprises, however, why the writer’s caretakers had not thought of this alternative ever since the problem manifested itself. The delay has made the writer lose much in terms of personal development. The writer was worried how she would put to a halt the whole issue of drinking and using. She seemed quite concerned about the past, recalling how frequent she drank and used. Venita urges her to focus on one day at a time as that is an easier way to adjust. That means the writer should close her eyes to the past and future and instead focus on today. The quote portrays Venita as informative, encouraging, and determined. She wants to see the writer at her best. Challenges and mysteries are part of life. I once realized that no one is born perfect. People fail, but the failures serve as steps towards improvement. I once recorded poor academic performances during my middle classes in primary school. This was caused by my affiliation to jokers. When my parents and teachers counseled me, I turned a blind eye to all that had happened and my results became impressive then onwards. Venita was quite instrumental to the changes that occurred in the writer’s life. From withdrawal from drinking and using to graduating from the university with a special award, the writer has recorded a massive change in life that no one would ever imagine from the start of the novel. It all sounds miraculous, but wherever God is involved, miracles are bound to

Experience economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Experience economy - Essay Example Commerce includes all those activities, which are connected with trade and auxiliaries to trade such as transport, warehousing, insurance and banking and finance. Trade involves buying and selling of goods and its purpose is to bridge the gap between persons, i.e. the producers and the consumers can concentrate on their own occupations and at the same time buy goods to satisfy their consumption needs. The farmers can both enjoy each other's products with the help of traders. For example there are different types of cotton; jute, hides and skins are supplies to the producers of cotton textiles, gunny bags and shoes respectively. At the same time manufactured goods, which have been produced with the raw materials, are supplied to the consumers. Producers buy raw materials, machinery and equipment as well as stores and spare parts for machinery fro trading agencies and consumers buy practically all articles required for their daily use from traders. Goods are produced on a large scale in anticipation of demand. The markets for products are now spread over the length and breadth of the country and even extended to countries across the international borders. Hence direct sale of goods by the producers to the consumers is not possible. Without the help of traders and merchants engaged in trade it would be impossible for the system of large-scale production to continue. The trader involved in the actual operation of purchasing goods from producers and selling them to consumers. Traders and consumers are interdependent. Importance of trade Trade is of great significance for production as well as consumption of goods. It is through trade that goods produced at particular places are equitably distributed among users. With the help of trade goods are made available to consumers at the time of their need. It removes the hindrance of persons by bringing together producers and consumers who are widely scattered. Advantages of trade Advantages of trade are outlined below: It enables the producers to concentrate on their production activities; otherwise they would have to go in search of consumers for goods they produce. Trade makes goods available to consumers who can concentrate on their own occupations It results in specialization and large-scale production as the markets are now spread over wide territories. Sale of goods from one country and purchase of goods form other countries. It provides avenues of employment to various persons. It increases the standard of living of people as they can avail of goods of various kinds produces by different producers. Distinction between Home trade and foreign trade a. Home trade is concerned with trade between people of the same country while foreign trade is concerned with trade between people of two different countries. b. In home trade the buyer has to pay for the goods in home currency while in foreign trade buyer ha to make payment in foreign currency. c. Payment in home trade is simpler and less time consuming while in foreign trade, payment is not a simple process and hence is more time consuming. d. Home trade is not subject to restrictions, which exist in case of foreign trade such as tariffs, quotas, etc. e. Transport costs are relatively much less in home trade than in foreign trade. Development in different sectors like Information Technology, Steel industry, etc., has resulted a sharp rise in the usage of harmful substances.

Philosophy of Law: Common Law vs Statute Law

Philosophy of Law: Common Law vs Statute Law Joana Mae Lico George Fletcher writes that there are three components of law, and those are statutes, cases, and writings about law. Each law has a role they play in our understanding on how law legal systems operate. A statute is a written law accepted by a legislature on the state or federal level. Statutes established forth general propositions of law that courts apply to specific circumstances. A statute may prohibit a certain act, direct a certain act, make a declaration, or create forth governmental mechanisms to aid society. A statue starts as a bill proposed or supported by a legislator. If the proposal survives the legislative committee process and is acknowledged by both parties of the legislature, it will become a law when it is signed by the executive officer. When a bill becomes law, the several provisions in the bill are called statutes. The term statute indicates the advancement of a bill from legislative proposal to law. State and federal are together in statutory codes that assembl e the statutes by subject. These codes are available at law libraries and are published in book form. Lawmaking powers entrusted mainly in elected officials in the legislative branch. The entrusting of the chief lawmaking power in selected lawmakers is the essence of a representative democracy. Apart from the federal and state constitution statutes passed by elected lawmakers are the first laws to check in finding the law that involves to a case. As legislative enactments, statutory trail the usual process of legislation. A bill is presented in the legislature and chosen upon. If permitted, it passes to the executive branch (either a governor at the state level or the president at the federal level). If the executive signs the bill it passes into law as a statute. If the executive fails or declines to sign the bill, it can be rejected and sent back to the legislature. In most instances, if the legislature again permits the bill by an established margin it becomes a statute. Statutes are not consistent and unalterable. A statute may be changed or cancelled by the lawmaking associates that proposed it, or it may be overturned by a court. A statute may delay, or dismiss, under the terms of the statute itself or under legislatives that automatically terminate statutes except if they are authorized before the given amount of time has passed. Statutes are the main source of law, and the power to ratify statutes is reserved to elected law makers. However, judicial decisions also have the force of law. Statutes do not control every possible case, and even if a statute does control a case, the courts will still have to explain it. Judicial decisions are known collectively as case law. A judicial decision lawfully binds the parties in the case, and also may present as a law in the similar prospective sense as does a statute. In other words, a judicial decision establishes the result of the particular case, and also may control future conduct of all persons within the jurisdiction of the court. In contrast with statues, case law is a dynamic and continually developing body of law. Each case contains apportion in which the facts of the argument are set forth as well as the holding and dictating an explanation of how the judge arrived at particular assumption. In addition, a case might contain an agree and disagree opinion of other judges. A judicial opinion may be used as an example for similar cases. This means that the judicial opinion in the case will guide the result with the same cases. With that being said, a judicial opinion can constitute the law on fixed issues within a particular jurisdiction. Courts can create law in this way when no statute exists to rule a case, or when the court interprets a statute. For example, if a petitions court maintains that witness testimony on memory recovered through therapy is not acceptable at trial, that decision will be the rule for those who have similar cases within the appeals courts jurisdiction. This decision will last as a law until the court changes itself or is reversed by a higher court, or until the state or federal legislature permits a statute that overrides the judicial decision. If the courts put an end to a statute and the legislature approved a similar statute, the courts may have an opportunity to announce the new statute unconstitutional. This sequence can be repeated any time if legislatures continually test the constitutional limits on their own lawmaking powers. Sometimes courts receive tasks to statutes or regulations based on constitutional grounds. Courts can create law by cancelling parts or all of a specific piece of legislation. The Supreme Court has the power to make law irrevocable to explain the state of constitution an d to announce holdings that have the force of law. Judicial opinions also provide legal authority in cases that are not through statute. Legislatures have not accepted statutes that govern every possible disagreement. In addition, the language included in statutes does not secure every possible condition. Statutes may be written in wide-ranging terms, and judicial opinions must clarify the language of applicable statutes stated by the truth of the case at hand. Regulations approved by administrative agencies also cover statutory separation, and courts are occasionally called to explain the rules as well as statutes. Statute laws and case laws are based on the same principles of what is good and bad. The parliament and the judges always reflect the public opinion in making laws. The basic element in making a law is what the majority of people thinks. Although most legal arguments are enclosed at least in part by statutes, tort and contract disputes are exceptions, in that they are largely ruled by case law. Criminal law, tax law, patent law, bankruptcy law, and property law are amongst the parts of law that are covered first and foremost by statute. References Common Law vs Statutory Law. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Common_Law_vs_Statutory_Law What is statute law? definition and meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/statute-law.html (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from https://www.hg.org/case-law.html Common Law vs Statutes. (2010, December 18). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from https://pjcjournal.wordpress.com/common-law-vs-statutes/

Types of Conversation Essay -- Communication, Misunderstanding

Question 1: Describe the situation and why the conversation will be a difficult one. This August, during my short vacation back home, I am planning to have a difficult conversation with a former fellow who I have known three years ago while I was serving in the Taiwanese Armed Forces. We were best friends at that time; however, due to a series of misunderstanding occurred in the last month of our service, we stopped talking to each other ever since and eventually became estranged. Now every time when I look back at our withering friendship, I cannot help but feel regret about it. And I am planning to have a difficult conversation with this friend, trying to recover our long past friendship. It will be a difficult conversation for us for several reasons. First, we have not stayed in touch since our discharge from the armed forces. Several years have passed and now it seems imperative that we re-establish an effective communication channel and get to re-know each other in the shortest possible time. Second, when dealing with the â€Å"what happened† conversation, we must manage to revisit all the misunderstanding occurred two years ago, so that we are able to exchange our stories. Lastly, we need to properly and openly express our feelings, a challenging situation that I am not comfortable with. Considering all these factors, I anticipate our conversation to be both a difficult and a challenging one. Question 2: Discuss the what happened conversation. The â€Å"what happened† conversation centers on a disagreement generated by misunderstanding between two parties (Heen et al, p.26, 2010). In such a difficult conversation, we must first understand that it is rarely about getting the facts right, but rather, it is about conflicting percep... ...ore about his story and recognize the misunderstanding involved, but also directly encourage him to reveal more of his story. This will lead to effective communication between us. Second, I must speak for myself with clarity and power, so that I can express what I am thinking and feeling. As I am usually not a confident speaker, some preparations will help me identify the key issues in my story, so that I can give him the whole spectrum of my story during our conversation. I must provide the context and the development of my feelings during those past events to help him understand me better. By carefully examining all the above-mentioned tactics, I found that a difficult conversation is all about communication. By openly expressing my story and actively listening to his story, I should feel confident that I will eventually succeed in such a difficult conversation.

Significant Differences Between Accounting and Oil and Gas Operations and the Conventional Accounting for Manufacturing or Mechanize Operation.

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACCOUNTING AND OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS AND THE CONVENTIONAL ACCOUNTING FOR MANUFACTURING OR MECHANIZE OPERATION. By Demoore Suleman ———————– Conventional Manufacturing Account 1. Definition: Manufacturing account, the term I use to describe business organizations engaged in the manufacture of goods for sale. These company maintain a manufacturing account. 2. Cost Method: Expenses are the cost of unsold products and are reported as assets. These expenses include wages, electricity in offices outside of the factory (sales and marketing, general administrative offices) are reported immediately as expenses in the accounting period that they are used cost outside of the factory do not become part o the product cost. Under the accrual method of accounting, period cost such as selling, general and administrative expenses are reported in the income statement in the accounting period in which they are used up or explore. Variances from purchase are recorded at that time the raw materials are purchased and re – classified into raw materials inventory, Accounting for oil and gas operation 1. Definition : Oil and Gas Account: The term is used to describe the books of account of companies involved in the exploration an development of crude oil and natural gas. 2. Cost Method Accounting for oil and gas operations follow one of two methods of financial accounting. a. Full Cost Method: All property acquisition exploration and development cost, even dry hole cost are capitalized as oil and gas properties. These cost represent fixed asset, amortized on a country – by country basis using a unit of production method based on volume produced and emaining proved reserves. Acquisition and development activities are capitalized expenses irrespective of whether or not the activities resulted in the discovery of reserve. b. The successful effort (SE) method: allows a company to capitalize only those expenses associated with successful locating new oil and natural gas reserves. automotive, electrical, agricultural, medical and aromatic indu stries. Stocks are recorded as current assets and are classified into i. Raw materials and consumables ii. Work in Progress iii. Finished goods and goods awaiting sale v. Prepayment for stock in transit The Financial Accounting Standard Board issued it concept statement No 6 Element of financial statements which defines terms as expenses, loses, revenues, assets e. t. c 3. Accounting Policies Goodwill is not subject to amortization instead the companies must conduct periodic impairment testing. The Net unauthorized capitalized costs are also amortized on unit of production method whereby property acquisition cost are amortized over proved reserves and property development cost are amortized over proved developed reserves. The Net Unamortized capitalized cost of oil and gas properties less related deffered income taxes may not exceed a ceiling consisting primarily of a computed present value of projected future cash flows, after income taxes , from the proved reserves. Amortization is computed by lease or property) or field. Accounting standard disclose for the petroleum downstream activities engaged in a. Refining and petrochemical b. Marketing and Distribution c. Liquefied Natural Gas Accounting Policies are captioned rather than as notes in the financial statements. ork in process inventory, finished goods inventory, and cost of good sold. Profit margins set are Standardized cost and represented graphically as break even point analysis. 3. Accounting Policies a. Disclosure requirement for balance sheet:- Goodwill are reported in the balance sheet as deffered charges and are long term asset. Accounting policies prominently disclosed as note to individual items in the financial statement of convention al manufacturing accounting. Disclosure requirement refers to the minimum amount of information which should be presented on financial statement. The disclosure requirement for balance sheet and profit and lost account is regulated by the second schedule of the company And Allied Matters Act in Nigeria (CAMA) 1990 while for the others part of the financial statement, it is regulated by the statement of accounting standard issued by the Nigerian Accounting Standard Board. They act under Section 335 sub-section 1 provides: For unsuccessful or (dry hole) results, the associated operating cost are immediately changed against revenue for that period. Acquisition and Mineral Right Prospecting cost associated with pre licensing are incurred in the period prior to the acquisition of legal right to explore for oil and gas in a particular location, such cost include the acquisition of speculative seismic data and expenditures on the subsequent geological and geophysical analysis of the data. Other licensing faces are oil exploration license, oil mining lease license. Oil prospecting license (OPL). In the course of acquiring the right to explore, develop and produce oil or natural gas, expenses relating to either purchase or lease to the right to extract the oil and gas from a property not owned by the company. Acquisition costs also includes any lease bonus payment to the property owner along with legal expenses, and title search, broker and recording cost. Under both SE and FE accounting methods acquisition cost are capitalized â€Å"The financial statement of a company prepared under section 334 of this Decree shall comply with the requirement of schedule 2 to the Decree (so far as applicable) with respect to their form and content, and with the accounting standards laid down in the statement of accounting standards, issued from time to time by the Nigerian Accounting Standard Board.. Provided such accounting standards do not conflict with the provision of this Decree or Schedule 2 to this Decree†. 4. Operations: The manufacturing process result in the continuous flow of intermediate product which serve as industrial input for the production of wide varieity of end product in building, textile, packaging, automotive, electrical, agricultural, medical and aromatic industries. Stocks are recorded as current assets and are classified into i. Raw materials and consumables ii. Work in Progress iii. Finished goods and goods awaiting sale iv. Prepayment for stock in transit The Financial Accounting Standard Board issued it concept statement of Exploration Costs: Typical of exploration costs are changes relating to the collection and analysis of geo-physical and Seismic data involved in the initial examination of a targeted area and later used in the decision of whether to drill at that location. Other cost involved those associated with drilling a well, which are further considered as being intangible or tangible. Intangible cost in general are those incurred to ready the site prior to the installation of the drilling equipment whereas tangible drilling cost are those incurred to install and operate that equipment. Treatment: All intangible cost will be charged to the income statement as part of the periods operating expenses for a company following the successful method . All tangible drilling cost associated with the successful discovery of new reserves will be capitalized while those incurred in an unsuccessful effort are also added to the operating expenses for that period. Capitalized means being added to the balance sheet as a long term assets. Development Cost: Involved in the preparation of discovered reserves for production such as those incurred in the construction or Disclosure Requirement for Value Added Statement Value Added simply refers to the difference between input value and output value. S. 35 (4) of the CAMA 1990 requires that â€Å" the value added statement shall report the wealth created by the company during the year and its distribution among various interest groups such as the employees, the government, creditors, proprietors and the company†, while emphasizing on the importance of the statement as apart of the financial statement, SAS 2 pointed out that the statement will enable companies to ensure the public that they do not exist for the length of their owners only but rather for the society at large. Possible uses to which the statement could be put include: i. Predicting managerial efficiency ii. Indicating the company’s wage paying ability iii. Evaluating the relative rewards of â€Å"shareholders† and other claimants against the company. the construction or improvement of roads to access the well site, with additional drilling or well completion work, an with installing other needed infrastructure to extract (e. g. pumps), gather (pipelines and store tanks) the oil or natural gas reserves both ST and FC allow for the capitalization of all development costs Production cost: Ensured costs in extracting oil or natural gas from the reserves are considered production costs. Typical of these cost are wages for workers and electricity for operating well pumps. Production cost are considered part of periodic operating expenses and are charged directly to the income statement under both accounting methods. Full cost accounting provides more meaningful financial statement. The primary asset of an oil company are the underground oil and gas reserves but not the individual well drill (expenses) in producing the oil. Its been further argued that the amortization of full cost over time produces more meaning income statement through improved matching of cost is to be released revenue. No 6 Element of financial statements which defines terms as expenses, loses, revenues, assets e. t. c Disclosure Requirement for Profit and Loss Account The Profit and Lost Account is an account which report the revenue and expenses of an enterprise for a given accounting period. The objective of the profit and loss account as stated under S. 335 (2) of CAMA 1990 is to give a true and fair view of the profit and loss account of the company for the financial year. The minimum information are disclosed in the profit an loss account are disclosed in schedule 2 paragraph 13 of CAMA 1990. Disclosure Requirement For Fund/Cash Flow Statement Statement of Accounting Standard (SAS) 2 defined a funds flow statement as a statement which provides information on the derivation and utilization of funds during the period covered by the financial; a statement. A funds flow statement show the movement in net current assets of a company Companies are required by law under S. 335(3) of CAMA 1990 to prepare and publish such statements and to give a detailed information on the various sources of funds on its disposition during the accounting period covered. 4. Operation: in the oil and Gas companies are refining which is simply the breaking down of the hydrocarbon mixture of crude oil into useful petroleum products. This is done through distillation cracking, reforming and extraction process these operations can be subdivided into i. Crude oil acquisition, ii. Crude oil storage iii. Processing iv. Blending v. Finished products stages Oil and gas companies are affected by periodic changes for depreciation depletion and amortization (DD &A) of costs relating to expenditures for the acquisition and development of new oil and natural gas reserves. They include the depreciation of certain long – lived operating equipment, the depletion of costs relating to the acquisition of property or properly mineral rights, and other amortization of tangible non – drilling cost incurred with developing the reserves. The periodic depreciation, depletion and amortization expense charged to the income statement is determined by the unit of production method in which the percent of total production for the Note to the account: does not become necessary if the balance sheet profit and lost account provides sufficient disclose in the accounts to give a true and fair view of the company’s state of affairs and the profit and loss position. This is however contained in S. 335 (7) of the CAMA 1990 which states as follows: â€Å"if the balance sheet or profit and loss account drawn up in accordance with these requirements would not provide sufficient information to comply with subsection (2) of this section, any necessary additional information shall be provided in that balance sheet or profit and loss account or in a note to the accounts†. Total production for the period to total proven reserves are the beginning of the period is applied to the gross total of cost capitalized on the Balance Sheet. Depletion is the means of expending the cost incurred in acquiring and developing oil and gas using unit of production method. Depletion rate per barrel is completed as:- Capitalized Cost / output Depletion expense is computed as:- Depletion Rate x No of Out-put Produced |Accounting treatment of cost | | SE FC | |Acquisition | Capitalized |Capitalized | |Geolog & Geophy |Expense |Capitalized | |Explorating dry hole |Expense |Capitalized | |Development Dry hole |Capitalized |Capitalized | |Production cost |Expense |Expense | Expense is associated with income statement, capitalization is associated with Balance sheet extract. References J. Vitalome , Accounting for Differences in Oil and Gas Accounting,http://www. investopedia. com S. Abubakar (2007), Lecture Note Oil and Gas Accounting Department of Accounting Faculty of Administration Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Federal Government of Nigeria (1990), Company and Allied Matters Act, Lagos Government Printers NASB(1985), Information to be Disclosed in Financial Statement, Statement of Accounting Standard 2

Shanghai Baby essays

Shanghai Baby essays This book was just what the Chinese government did not want the public to see. It contained very graphic and intimate details were the main aspect of the scandal with the novel. The Chinese government saw the novel as a threat to the political and mental well-being of its citizens. It talks about things that China is trying to abolish, like the increase in prostitution and drug abuse. There are a few categories that place this book on the banned list in China. The first and most obvious is the content of pornography. There is quite an extent of indecent material, reports inaccurate, fabricated or sensationalist stories. It also offers other materials that the government probably deems to have an unhealthy impact on readers. A large portion of the book is filled up with indecency or pornography. This book is definitely not considered to be G-rated with its graphic mention of sex acts, masturbation, pleasure, sexual organs and promiscuity. Even though it is a fictitious novel, there are many points that tend to shock the reader and these points are viewed to be unhealthy by the Chinese government. There is a few times that the author ties in sex with the city of Shanghai. Standing on the roof, we looked at the sihouttes of the building lit up by the streetlights on both sides of the Huangpu River, specially the Oriental Pearl TV tower, Asias tallest. Its long, long steel column pierces the sky, proof of the citys phallic worship (page 14). Another comment Shanghai is a city obsessed with pleasure (page 40). Some people call Shanghai the Womans city...in comparison to the macho cities of northern China (page 116). Another possibility is that the book was banned for political reasons. After all, the Chinese government banned anything that puts a negative light on Chinas affairs including government and economy. There are eight billion peasants in our cou...

Technological society Essays

Technological society Essays Technological society Essay Technological society Essay Critically assess the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling. Although the deskilling debate only started in 1974, when Harry Bravermans thesis, Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century was published, the causes for the argument had begun many years earlier, in the 1890s with the introduction of F. W Taylors ideas for reorganising work. Braverman (1920-1976) was a sheet metal worker, and a member of the American Communist party. It was his background in skilled trades that allowed him to analyse the changes that were taking place. As it was Braverman that first came up with the theory of deskilling, it is his definition that should be considered. His definition says that: skill represents the central asset possessed by workers, and that modern capitalist systems of work design, like Taylorism, degrade or deskill work, as a means of controlling and cheapening it. (Braverman, 1974). This Marxist analysis was a direct challenge to the long accepted views and implemented methods of Taylor. Braverman also argued that new technologies play a vital role in deskilling, and by working on new technologies workers build for themselves more modern, more scientific, more dehumanised prisons of labour. Taylor was an American engineer, who developed the idea of Scientific Management over 100 years ago. His principles of organising and controlling work recommended to managers that complex tasks needed to be split up into the maximum number of subtasks possible (Fincham Rhodes, 2005). There were other recommendations given by Taylor, namely the divorce of conception from execution. This told managers that All possible brainwork should be removed from the shop and centred in the planning or laying out department (Braverman 1974:113) It was this that Braverman heavily criticised, and so it must be looked at how the introduction of new technologies could cause this to happen. One of the best known and earliest examples of Taylorism in practice in the workplace is at General Motors plants at the start of the last century. By using Taylors methods, and introducing the assembly line, output increased from 8,700 in 1906 to 34,000 in 1911, 300,000 in 1914, rising to 1.9 million in 1923. (Tolliday Zeitlin, 1992) These massive increases in production came without the use of skilled labour, by 1914, over half the workforce were Southern and Eastern European immigrants, many of whom had no relevant experience, and spoke little or no English (Meyer, 1981). It would therefore seem like the introduction of new technology that caused the giant increases in output did not affect all workers in terms of deskilling, the majority of workers would probably have become more skilled due to their employment. However, labour turnover was at 370% and 71% of these workers left within their first week. These workers were probably most likely to be the unskilled immigrant workers that did not have the reliance on their wages that American workers had for their families. Therefore perhaps deskilling was less prominent than it would first seem due to the introduction of new technology and the assembly line. However, we must also consider why labour turnover was so high at Fords production plants in the early 1910s. Assembly line work is notoriously boring, partly due to the removal of creativity and craft from the workers, which much have been demoralising as these workers had initially been employed for having these qualities. Therefore, the high labour turnover experienced may have been due to workers leaving due to the deskilling that was evidently in existence, and them moving to other production industries that had not yet implemented new technologies. There are also recent examples of the introduction of new technologies into an organisation causing deskilling. In the field of law, in the past lawyers were expected to have a broad knowledge of the law, but today this is not possible due to the volume of legal material that is produced (Webb, 1996). Today, IT takes a much bigger role in a lawyers position, due to the changes in legal practice that have happened due to the technology that was not in existence 10 years ago. Due to the increase in IT, jobs that once required highly skilled employees can now be carried out by less qualified workers (Onwusah, 1997). So again we can see that deskilling has been caused due to the introduction of new technologies. It is important to consider the choice of new technology that is brought into an organisation to see whether it will lead to deskilling. As has been seen in the previous examples, the introduction of the assembly line in motor vehicle manufacturing and the introduction of IT into the practice of law and other professional industries, new technology has caused and created deskilling. However, in some circumstances deskilling would not be caused, but reskilling would occur. In order for new technology to be implemented in an organisation, employees need to have the skills in order to use the equipment. Through training, workers can learn new skills, which are more relevant in todays technological world. A clear example of reskilling can be seen in the field of design. In the past the drawing of plans was very time consuming and required great precision, if points were just 1mm wrong then the whole plan would have to be started again. Now, due to the introduction of Computer Aided Design (CAD) these workers have not only become reskilled, they can use their existing skills in addition to learning new techniques. Employees in this field still need their precision skills, for example when using graphics tablets, but will also gain skills in using the relevant software. This evidence would tend to suggest that the contention that the introduction of new technology into organisations leads to deskilling was incorrect, and that it would depend on what type of technology was introduced. If technology completely takes over a persons role in a company, or takes away the employees need to have particular skills then deskilling is likely to happen, on the other hand if the introduction of new technology can work alongside employees in order to assist and aid them in their work then reskilling is more likely to occur. The type of organisation that the new technology is to be brought into is also an important factor in deciding whether deskilling will be caused. As we have already seen, in the production of motor vehicles deskilling is caused by new technologies. This can also be seen in other secondary sector organisations, for example the textile industry. In the past everything would be sewn by hand, requiring much skill, whereas from the middle of the 19th century technology was introduced, reducing the need for skilled workers, and deskilling those already in the industry. However, if we look at tertiary sector organisations reskilling is probably more likely. In the medical profession, workers at all levels in an organisation are likely to have gained more skills due to the introduction of new technologies than becoming deskilled. At the lowest level, for example a receptionist in a GP surgery, records are now stored electronically as well as on paper, increasing the complexity of their work. Looking at a higher level, a GP still has to go through years of training to become fully qualified, and now also has to be computer literate, for example in order to produce prescriptions and use diagnostic software. In addition to this, developments in the technologies available to surgeons have meant that much more skilled operations can be carried out, which in turn has increased the skill requirements required to perform operations. On the other hand, if we look at another service occupation, the field of banking, obvious deskilling has taken place. A bank clerk was once a highly regarded profession, requiring years of training. However, today the banks have reduced their qualification requirements for recruits. This is due to the computer age, as all transactions can now be carried out electronically, removing the skills that were once required. It cannot therefore be said that the introduction of new technology will always lead to deskilling in an organisation, each individual situation would need to be looked at separately in order to decide upon this. As it has so far been difficult to quantify whether new technologies will lead to deskilling or not, it is helpful to look at and consider any research that has been carried out on this subject. Data from the Swedish Level of Living surveys that were carried out between 1968 and 1991 by a group at the Swedish Institute for Social Research is probably one of the most important tools available when looking at deskilling due to the introduction of new technology. The surveys had a sample size of around 3,000 people, who were in employment and of working age. The differences between classes of jobs is shown to be important when looking at whether deskilling takes place. This can be seen from the diagrams on the next page, produced using results from the survey. Diagrams from (Jonsson, 1998:614). As we can see from these charts, there is a mixture of deskilling and upskilling, which can be related to the social class of work. For both sets of data, the two social classes that have obviously been upskilled are W4, which is lower grade white collar workers, including typists and B2, which is unskilled manual workers, including assemblers and cleaners. This is also supported by other works, for example The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, which claims that blue collar work has been upgraded through automation and technical development (Bell, 1973). On the other hand if we take the class of W1, which is the upper service class, including engineers, employees opinions are that this field has been deskilled due to the introduction of new technology, supporting the contention. However, data is only available up to 1991, and if a survey were to be carried out today then I would expect due to the massive increase in information technology over the past 15 years that peoples opinions would have changed to that of upskilling. Bravermans thesis on deskilling suggested that due to the degradation of work from the introduction of new technology, employees became bored in their role. However, the Swedish research seems to oppose this, as can be seen from the table below: (Jonsson, 1998:613) Over the time period, for both men and women, the percentage of monotonous content in jobs has decreased, suggesting again that there has been a general upskilling of jobs, contesting Bravermans views. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that this is a general trend, and that some lower level white collar workers may experience deskilling, due to the impact that the introduction of new technologies has on their roles. Finally the idea that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation will inevitably lead to deskilling must be considered. Few things can ever be certain to happen, and from the evidence that we have seen, deskilling is probably unlikely to occur in todays ever expanding technological society. In conclusion, it would seem that the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling is incorrect, and each individual situation needs to be looked at in order to see if the contention can be proved, however it would appear as the world gains a greater reliance on technology, skills are not being decreased, but the type of skills required is changing.

Bioinformatics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bioinformatics - Lab Report Example After conducting a blast p search, I chose the following proteins EFR29682.1 a hypothetical protein from Anopheles darlingi it had an E value of 10. This protein is not in any way related to Down syndrome. This is a protein from mosquito saliva and matches by chance. This E value is high; its significance is low in relation to Down syndrome (Pevsner 7). Protein 2 is EGW12244.1 known as Down syndrome critical region protein 3–like from Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). This protein has an E value of 1 and is related to Down syndrome since the E value is very low. The hamster genome is similar to the human genome (Pevsner 15). Protein 3 was XP_002122877 with an E value of 0.4 it is a protein predicted to be similar to Down syndrome critical region protein 3 (Down syndrome critical region protein A). It is a protein from Ciona intestinalis, an invertebrate that is closest to humans and shares 80 % of the genome. It has very high significance in the study of Down

People Express Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

People Express Case Analysis - Essay Example & development (T&D) of skills, employee relations, retention and motivation strategies, workplace culture and delegation of power, authority and responsibility. People Express indeed adopted some far reaching HRM practices to achieve organizational goals. The most powerful motivator of the workforce was the requirement to become shareholder of the company in addition to being an employee. Next the company encouraged team work in which 3 to 4 employees were teamed together so that time waste in coordinating work effort could be reduced and employees would be motivated by team spirit. In addition to these employee friendly work practices and motivators a number of others were also adopted. However the organizational outcomes were poor and questionable. In the first place People Express’s HRM practices were purely based on the textbook theory. Secondly motivation related HRM practices ignored productivity. In other words these HRM practices at people Express were poor growth drivers. For instance work teams don’t on their own produce efficiently simply because they are allowed to be self-reliant. In fact at People Express, work teams tended to be smugly satisfied with their own performance in the absence of standards of reference. Performance of work teams has to be measured against relative performances of others and this requires common standards to be set up on a priority basis. Broader level of employee participation, minimal hierarchy, in-house expertise and problem solving and job rotation practices were good measures but they were not backed by a system of performance-based metrics. The airline was operating in a relatively competition-free and regulation-free domestic market then. However, with the ever increasing threat of competition the airline HRM practices at People Express were oriented towards creating a pleasant work environment without a set of well defined corporate goals. Effective HRM practices must be aligned with organizational outcomes

Zain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Zain - Research Paper Example Scott Gegenheimer holds the title of CEO of the Group (Zain, â€Å"Believing in the Power of Dreams, Annual Report 2012†). 2. The two letters have been written by the Chairman and the CEO of the Group basically addressing the shareholders. The basic message in the letters comprises assisting the shareholders to know about the broad operations of the company throughout the year with the deliverance of certain useful information. These encompass short description of the financial results, business practices, marketing strategies, current position in the operating business markets, future goals and most importantly its rise in profitability from the preceding few years, making a greater appeal to its current and potential shareholders (Zain, â€Å"Believing in the Power of Dreams, Annual Report 2012†). 3. Letter from the Chairman. In this letter, the first paragraph depicts a short description about the challenges faced by the company throughout the financial year 2012. Ad ditionally, this section explains the changes in the external as well as the internal environment and how the company addressed those challenges with the adoption of few developmental based projects and effective business policies. The next part of this letter explains the operational results of the Group including net income, earning per share and consolidated revenue with relevant data. Correspondingly, the next section of the letter depicted a detailed understanding about the launch of various networks by the company and its restructuring business process in different parts of the globe. The last section of this letter portray the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) based activities that the company performed towards the society and the environment with a conclusion seeking for continuous support from the esteemed members of the Group (Zain, â€Å"Believing In The Power Of Dreams, Annual Report 2012†). Letter from the C.E.O. In this letter, the first section provides a b rief explanation about the journey of the company and the experience of the person as the CEO. The next section of the letter includes the description of the services or the products that the company offers to its customers and how it is adopting effective strategies to raise the level of customer satisfaction. Correspondingly, the next part of the letter reflects the review of the business conducted in the financial year of 2012. The last section of the letter presented looking forward statement with an aim to show the potentials of the company to compete in future (Zain, â€Å"Believing in the Power of Dreams, Annual Report 2012†). OTHER MATERIAL 4. The 2012 annual report of Zain includes various sections including Chairman and CEO statement, company overview, key milestones, share price evolution, business operations, group technology, financial statements and practice of CSR activities among others. All the information has been provided and explained in a proper sequence. Additionally, it can be viewed that the annual report has been prepared with the focus of keeping it quite simple and easy to understand by the customers along with the shareholders (Zain, â€Å"Zain Group’s 2012 Annual Report Earns Accolades at ARC Awards in New York†). The materials contained in the annual report and the messages that these communicates can be viewed as quite impressive owing to the reason that one can obtain a clear idea about the financial performance of the company and also the effective strategies that the company adopted. FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 5. Zain provides adequate financial information to the shareholders through presenting those in its annual reports. The shareholders of the company are provided with appropriate financial information concerning the operational performances as well as other related financial

UC Essay Prompt Essay Example for Free

UC Essay Prompt Essay Prompt 1: Describe the world you come from — for example, your family, community or school — and tell us how your world has shaped your dreams and aspirations. The school that I come from, Campolindo High School, is one of the best high schools in the state. We were often told to not be worried about getting what we believe to be bad grades in the harder classes that we take because getting a B or sometimes even a C is equivalent to get an A in most other high schools. We have been told throughout high school that a high standard is expected of us, like receiving high scores on standardized tests like the SAT, ACT, AP exams, the CAHSEE, and the Star tests. We are also expected to behave a certain way outside of school because it has a reputation to uphold and all of us are linked to that reputation. I think that high standard from Campolindo has transferred and been engrained in life outside of school. From this point on in my life, I will expect only the best of myself because anything less than that isn’t worth the time or the effort and it just looks bad to other people as well. I don’t have to succeed all the time in everything that I do, but I must always learn from what I fail at so the next time I attempt it, I will succeed. Campolindo High School has opened up endless possibilities for my future and I am very excited to experience them. Prompt 2: Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? Going to Hayward La Honda Music Camp is an experience that I will never forget. The camp feels like its cut off from the rest of the world, none of the problems from my life follow me to band camp. It’s a place where I forget all of my troubles for the week that I am there, a nice escape from reality. It’s also a place to meet fun and interesting new people. The campers who go there range from entering sixth grade to graduating high school. All the different levels of musicianship come together within several bands, orchestras, and even choir. Everyone always learns something about playing better because there is always someone who is better than them at La Honda. Band camp is the best place to hear strange stories as well as the best place to get stories to tell to friends at school, because everyone loves a story that starts out with â€Å"one time at band camp†. La Honda doesn’t just teach me how to play my oboe better; it teaches me how to grow as a person. I learn about teamwork and how to communicate with others with gestures and thoughts instead of words. I have also learned about disciplining myself, holding back impulses, thinking things through before I make a decision. All of these skills that I learn at band camp will not only help me when playing with a band or orchestra, but in all areas of my life. What I learn at band camp can’t be learned in my high school band. At high school, most of the people aren’t committed to making music, they take band because it’s an easy class to get a good grade in, their parents made them take it, it looks good for college, especially if they started in sixth or seventh grade, they can screw around with their friends during rehearsal, or they need at least one year of a performing arts class in order to graduate. At La Honda, everyone is there because they want to work together to create the most beautiful music that they can possible create. La Honda isn’t just about playing music though, it’s about making friendships and learning all kinds of skills that will last throughout your life.

Descartes Say About Primary Qualities

Descartes Say About Primary Qualities Rene Descartes and John Locke both have similar theories about primary qualities. They both hold the same position on what is that primary qualities are. Both of them believe that primary qualities have the power to cause ideas in our minds. The main distinction between their theories lies in whether primary qualities are perceived by means of the senses or by the intellect. Rene Descartes believed that there are two types of qualities, primary and secondary qualities. To Rene Descartes, primary qualities are those that are clearly and distinctly perceived by us (33). These qualities are those that exist due to their geometric integrity and which are related to some extension of a body in space. By this reasoning, Descartes believes these primary qualities are composed of anything that is measurable and can have math applied to them such as motion, shape and size. Descartes believes that primary qualities are not misleading like secondary qualities are. This is because the essence of secondary qualities is not geometric and thus these qualities are perceived obscurely. Nevertheless both of these qualities produce ideas within us. The difference about the ideas produced by these qualities lie in whether it is clear and distinct or obscure and confused. The reason that these secondary qualities are often misleading and primary qualities are not is because we perceive both of these qualities differently. Descartes states that primary qualities, unlike secondary qualities, are perceived clearly and distinctly. This he beliefs, is due to the fact that our method that we go by perceiving these qualities is different. Primary qualities are perceived through our intellect as opposed to secondary qualities which are perceived through our senses (14). Descartes believes that our understanding comes through our intellect and not our senses, therefore the ideas that we are able to grasp from primary qualities are not by means of our senses but rather by means of our intellect since they are clear and distinct unlike those ideas that come from our senses which are obscure and confused. Both primary and secondary qualities are perceived by the mind immediately and therefore result in the ideas we have (32). Unlike secondary qualities, primary qualities are features of the physical objects that are actually there but we come to understand the ideas produced by primary qualities solely by means o f our intellect. Descartes uses the example of a thousand-sided figure to show how primary qualities produce these clear and distinct ideas compared to the often misleading ideas of secondary qualities (sixth meditation). He states that the imagination by means of the senses is able to generate an obscured and confused idea about a thousand sided figure in comparison to the intellect which is able to perceive it clearly no matter how many sides the figure has. These ideas, which are a product of primary qualities are related to extension and are therefore perceived by our intellect using our understanding (sixth meditation). Descartes theory on primary qualities has some similarity to John Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s but differs on how it is that these ideas come to be about within us. John Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view regarding primary and secondary qualities is similar to some extent to Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theory of primary and secondary qualities. To Locke, primary qualities are spatiotemporal and quantitative. Therefore like Descartes, primary qualities are composed of size and shape, something which is measurable (135). Like Descartes, Locke believes that these qualities have the effect of producing the ideas that we have within us. An idea to Locke is the thought or understanding which is produced by the object. He calls the power that an object has to produce such ideas within us, qualities. Locke states that ideas are existent in our minds. To Locke these qualities are properties belonging to the objects and are the cause of the ideas that we house in our minds (134). The difference between primary qualities and secondary qualities to Locke is the kinds of ideas that these are able to produce in our minds. Locke believes that the ideas pro duced by primary qualities are a resemblance of these qualities. Locke believes that these qualities are actually existent in the objects themselves. On the other hand, those of secondary qualities hold no resemblance to them (136). Unlike Descartes, John Locke has a different theory by which we acquire these ideas. Unlike Descartes, John Locke believes that we acquire our ideas through the perception of the senses. According to Locke, reasoning is an exception to his perspective on innate ideas. He believes that all of our ideas are acquired through our experiences and by means of our senses. Locke states how our mind is similar to that of a blank state, and it is only by experiences that we are able to perceive by means of our senses that we acquire the ideas we possess. Qualities are the powers that objects have and it is within these powers that ideas are produced by them within us. Primary qualities are inseparable from the object, and thus the power of primary qualities produces ideas that resemble the object. This is shown by the example he gives of when something is divided even into its smallest of parts, even when these are too small for us to perceive, the primary qualities are still existent in the object (138). Although Descartes and Locke description of what primary qualities are is similar, their belief in how it is that we come to reason or reflect on these qualities is different. Descartes believes that we canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t rely entirely on our senses, since they often deceive us. He believes that those ideas obtained from primary qualities are distinct and clear. Therefore he believes that the ideas produced by primary qualities are grasped by means of the intellect. Locke unlike Descartes believes that the ideas we acquire through our life is by experience and it is by the senses that we come to have such experiences. Therefore to Locke, the ideas produced by the power of primary qualities are grasped by means of the senses. To Locke and Descartes, primary qualities are the causal effect which produces the clear ideas that we have, the main difference between their theories is whether we obtain these through our senses and by reflecting or solely by the intellect.

The Pleasure of Drugs Essay -- Pleasure Drug Abuse Essays

The Pleasure of Drugs The Oxford Dictionary defines pleasure. It is a feeling of satisfaction or joy. It is enjoyment. It is a source of pleasure or gratification. It is formally a persons will or desire. Finally they define it as sensual gratification. Now if we put these all together in one sentence, pleasure is something that brings an overall feeling of satisfaction and gratification while fulfilling desires. If that doesn’t sound good, what does? We have already determined that people naturally are drawn to altered states of consciousness. Its a fact that we are drawn to that which feels altered. It starts at a young age and hypothetically we realize the world of drugs and their ability to enhance normality by young adulthood. When we add in the pleasure principle to that already sought out feeling, you get something that feels so amazing, and is also potentially addictive. It is important to acknowledge the overpowering seductiveness and appeal of drugs. Because some drugs directly affect the way that the brain works and operates, the ecstasy that results can be overwhelming. This is exactly where society comes into play. If someone can only feel that sort of pleasure from the high of heroin or that calmness from a cigarette, why would they want to stop? What would their alternative be? It would be the pain of withdrawal and the numbness that they felt before they discovered the high. I can only liken my drug theory to a circle, because in reality there is no one who is really sober. There are things that make us all feel better. It can range from chocolate to caffeine to crack, but whether it be hard or soft, legal or illicit, a drug is something that makes us feel something other than â€Å"normal†. (Not that there is even a set normality.) The circle theory is that even if you are a heroin addict and get sober, the likeliness of you finding something else that makes you feel better than normal is high. It might not be heroin again, but chances are it will be something. It all comes back to the inherent human nature to find a plane of reality other than this one. We remember what feels good to us. It is something that our brain does for us. Because sex feels good, there is a natural desire to participate. We remember which foods we like best and how they make us feel when we eat them. It is a system i... ...ual. It has more to do with how our society dictates we should live. Everyone needs to be rich and own a BMW and marry a model and be happy all the time. For those who cannot live out that American Dream, there is an easy and more affordable dream: Drugs. We have to remember that they key to a healthy drug relationship is to use drugs in moderation, and not for the wrong reasons. It is important to keep in mind that drugs effect the body and the mind as well. Addiction is prevalent when the user can’t simple walk away from the drug and not miss it in some way or feel some type of withdrawal. We have to also understand that it is ok to feel the pleasure that drugs give to us. I will never condemn the use of drugs for recreational purposes, however we must each individually take responsibility for our own health and know when it is time to step away from a drug. Drug use does not always lead to addiction, but because pleasure is such a powerful drug within itself, it is easy to become dependent on something synthetic. Rather than relying on drugs for that pleasure high it is important to seek out other things besides drugs that induce the same types of pleasure. The Pleasure of Drugs Essay -- Pleasure Drug Abuse Essays The Pleasure of Drugs The Oxford Dictionary defines pleasure. It is a feeling of satisfaction or joy. It is enjoyment. It is a source of pleasure or gratification. It is formally a persons will or desire. Finally they define it as sensual gratification. Now if we put these all together in one sentence, pleasure is something that brings an overall feeling of satisfaction and gratification while fulfilling desires. If that doesn’t sound good, what does? We have already determined that people naturally are drawn to altered states of consciousness. Its a fact that we are drawn to that which feels altered. It starts at a young age and hypothetically we realize the world of drugs and their ability to enhance normality by young adulthood. When we add in the pleasure principle to that already sought out feeling, you get something that feels so amazing, and is also potentially addictive. It is important to acknowledge the overpowering seductiveness and appeal of drugs. Because some drugs directly affect the way that the brain works and operates, the ecstasy that results can be overwhelming. This is exactly where society comes into play. If someone can only feel that sort of pleasure from the high of heroin or that calmness from a cigarette, why would they want to stop? What would their alternative be? It would be the pain of withdrawal and the numbness that they felt before they discovered the high. I can only liken my drug theory to a circle, because in reality there is no one who is really sober. There are things that make us all feel better. It can range from chocolate to caffeine to crack, but whether it be hard or soft, legal or illicit, a drug is something that makes us feel something other than â€Å"normal†. (Not that there is even a set normality.) The circle theory is that even if you are a heroin addict and get sober, the likeliness of you finding something else that makes you feel better than normal is high. It might not be heroin again, but chances are it will be something. It all comes back to the inherent human nature to find a plane of reality other than this one. We remember what feels good to us. It is something that our brain does for us. Because sex feels good, there is a natural desire to participate. We remember which foods we like best and how they make us feel when we eat them. It is a system i... ...ual. It has more to do with how our society dictates we should live. Everyone needs to be rich and own a BMW and marry a model and be happy all the time. For those who cannot live out that American Dream, there is an easy and more affordable dream: Drugs. We have to remember that they key to a healthy drug relationship is to use drugs in moderation, and not for the wrong reasons. It is important to keep in mind that drugs effect the body and the mind as well. Addiction is prevalent when the user can’t simple walk away from the drug and not miss it in some way or feel some type of withdrawal. We have to also understand that it is ok to feel the pleasure that drugs give to us. I will never condemn the use of drugs for recreational purposes, however we must each individually take responsibility for our own health and know when it is time to step away from a drug. Drug use does not always lead to addiction, but because pleasure is such a powerful drug within itself, it is easy to become dependent on something synthetic. Rather than relying on drugs for that pleasure high it is important to seek out other things besides drugs that induce the same types of pleasure.